Hong Kong International Airport, also called Chek Lap Kok Airport and HKIA, is located on Chek Lap Kok, a strategically located artificial island measuring three years and a half. miles by two miles (Foster + Partners, 2016). The construction of HKIA, one of the largest and most ambitious projects in the civil engineering sector, took six years – from 1992 to 1998 – and required an overall investment of more than $20 billion (Kable Intelligence Ltd ., 2016). Due to its complexity, the project had to be divided into ten separate projects and involved over two hundred contracts, multiple sponsors and a remarkably large international workforce (Kable Intelligence Ltd., 2016; Major Projects Association, 2001) .Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why violent video games should not be banned”?Get the original essayBuilt specifically to replace Kai Tak Airport, HKIA was intended to meet China's growing demand for multimodal connections and to become one of the region's major cargo gateways and passenger airports (Foster + Partners, 2016a; Major Projects Association, 2001). In 2014, it handled more than four million tonnes of cargo and more than 60 million passengers, becoming one of the busiest airports in the world (Airport Authority Hong Kong, 2016a; Airports Council International, 2015). Given its advantageous position, modern facilities and continued growth, it is even estimated that its annual passenger traffic will reach 80 million by 2040 (Foster + Partners, 2016a). At present, HKIA's leisure facilities and amenities include around 200 shops and restaurants, free Wi-Fi lounges, paid Internet lounges, televisions, and even an area where children can play (Kable Intelligence Ltd., 2016). Thanks to its first-class facilities, HKIA has been ranked among the top five airports in the world since 2002 (Kable Intelligence Ltd., 2016). One of its key strengths is its excellent multi-modal transportation network that connects HKIA to many strategic destinations across Hong Kong and mainland China (Kable Intelligence Ltd., 2016). The Airport Authority is aware of the positive impact of the airport's multimodal connections on its operational efficiency, performance and attractiveness to domestic and international passengers (The Airport Authority Hong Kong, 2016a). Due to increasing passenger demand for fast and efficient transportation services, the airport authority will continue to improve HKIA's connections, which currently include cross-border coaches, limousines, ferries, as well as other comfortable arrangements ( The Airport Authority Hong Kong, 2016a). ).As reported by China Trend Building Press (2011), the international consortium that won the HKIA project consisted of five large companies, namely Amec International Construction Ltd (UK), CSCEC (China), Kumagai Gumi Co. , Ltd (Japan) and Maeda Corporation (Japan), which formed a joint venture called BCJ JV which was responsible for the construction of nearly 90 elevators, 1.5 miles of conveyor belts (also known as treadmills), more than 70 jet bridges and nearly 250 controls. -in offices (China Trend Building Press, 2011). In order to begin construction of the airport, more than 900 hectares of land were reclaimed between the islands of Chek Lap Kok and Lam Chau and a high peak located on Chek Lap Kok had to be reduced. from 100 to 7 meters (Foster + Partners, 2016a). China Trend Building Press, 2011). More precisely, the site on which the airport platform is located was obtained by razing two pre-existing islands andconstructing a dredging (Covil, 1998, pp. 197-200). As Covil (1998, pp. 197-200) explains, although a drained reclamation was perfectly feasible, the project had to be completed in a short period of time, forcing the consortium to opt for a reclamation. fully dredged condition. which would have taken less time to construct than a drained building. Under the Site Preparation Contract, the site preparation phase lasted two and a half years and used a variety of techniques, including mud dredging, dike construction and mining (Covil, 1998). Despite the many technical obstacles that had to be encountered, In order to deliver the project on time, the consortium had to face a number of political challenges that threatened the success of the HKIA (Major Projects Association, 2001). While Hong Kong was to be returned to China in 1997, the project helped fuel tensions between the two powers, preventing investors from financing the project and making it impossible to create an airport authority before 1995 (Major Projects Association , 2001). ).Like Stansted Airport, which revolutionized airport terminal design with its lightweight roof and flowing structure, HKIA also features a roof canopy that lets in a significant amount of natural light, providing providing passengers with a memorable and spectacular air travel experience (Foster + Partners, 2016a; 2016b). Its spacious and bright internal structure was created by placing all technical equipment under the main concourse, i.e. the building that allows passengers to access the aircraft through the doors (Foster + Partners, 2016a). Today, HKIA consists of two large terminals. and two runways, and is connected to nearly 200 domestic and international destinations (Airport Authority Hong Kong, 2016a). Since it employs approximately 65,000 people, HKIA contributes greatly to Hong Kong's economy and its presence has benefited the local community since it began operations in 1998 (Airport Authority Hong Kong, 2016a). The airport is managed and administered by the Airport Authority Hong Kong. Kong (also known as AA), a wholly owned institution by the Hong Kong government (Airport Authority Hong Kong, 2016b). In addition to managing the airport's operations, AA is also responsible for its growth and development and takes its social and environmental obligations very seriously (Airport Authority Hong Kong, 2016b). AA is committed to meeting the needs of various stakeholders by keeping HKIA efficient, secure and in line with the latest technological innovations, ensuring passenger safety, making efficient investments, adhering to environmentally friendly solutions and practices. environment, promoting the interests of its employees and contributing to the well-being of the entire community (Airport Authority Hong Kong, 2016b). To ensure that the airport is ready to accommodate an ever-increasing number of passengers, AA is currently planning to build a third runway, through which HKIA's annual flight capacity is expected to reach 100 million travelers, 9 million tons of cargo and more than 600,000 flights over the next fourteen years (Airport Authority Hong Kong, 2016a). Over the decades, many scholars and experts have developed models and frameworks aimed at helping practitioners evaluate project success. . As Muller & Turner (2007, p. 299) explain, much of the existing project management literature argues that project success consists of two main components or dimensions, namely drivers and criteria for project success. The former encompass all aspects of a project that can be managed and manipulated in a mannerto maximize the chances of success; the latter refer to dimensions that help determine the extent to which a project was actually successful (Muller & Turner, 2007, p. 299). As Serrador (2014) points out, even though more and more companies are beginning to realize that stakeholder satisfaction has a profound impact on the success of their projects, most project managers still associate success with 'a project has criteria linked to effectiveness. To explore project managers' attitudes toward evaluating project success, Muller & Turner (2007) asked several project managers to rate the importance and usefulness of ten criteria success, including performance and stakeholder satisfaction. Their responses revealed that time, budget, and user-defined goals were widely considered much more important than stakeholder satisfaction (Muller & Turner, 2007). That being said, recent research has clearly demonstrated that technical performance and stakeholder satisfaction are equally important. and highly correlated success criteria (Serrador, 2014, pp. 24-25). Regarding efficient and technical performance, the HKIA project was certainly a success as it was delivered on time and within budget (Hong Kong International Airport, 2011). . It is also worth mentioning that the final result (persistent deliverable) was consistent with the original Hong Kong Airport program and the project team even managed to save around $1 billion (Bechtel, 2016). In terms of stakeholder needs and expectations, the impact of the airport on entrepreneurs, end users, government and the local community has been mostly positive. Given the size, visibility and innovative nature of the HKIA project, contractors had the opportunity to bid for remarkably large contracts while strengthening their reputation. As reported by Kable Intelligence Ltd. (2016), BCJ JV was awarded a $1.2 billion contract to build the main passenger terminal; three large subcontracts have been awarded to a Sino-Italian-British joint venture, a French company and a Hong Kong-based elevator/escalator manufacturer. Other contracts were awarded to Lindner KG (Germany), Paul Y (Hong Kong), Wenco International Mining Systems (Canada), Fujitsu's ICL (Japan), SigNet (USA), a joint venture between Downer Edi (Australia), Paul Y (Hong Kong) and McAlpine (UK), as well as other subcontractors (Kable Intelligence Ltd., 2016). Apart from expanding Hong Kong's territory through the creation of new territories, HKIA has also helped strengthen Hong Kong's status as one of the largest transportation hubs and a major trade gateway (Bechtel, 2016 ). With over 65,000 employees, HKIA has certainly had a positive impact on the local economy. Additionally, it has reduced traffic congestion and provided residents with a fast and efficient service through which they can easily reach the airport in less than half an hour and fly to nearly 200 destinations around the world (Airport Authority Hong Kong , 2016a; Specifically, Foster + Partners (2016a) reported that the train journey between the city and HKIA takes approximately 20 minutes. As end users of the project, passengers can currently benefit from efficient services and top-notch facilities that are regularly upgraded. basis in order to meet growing demand. AA recently reported that construction operations for a new cargo terminal began in 2013 and that the airport's capacity would be increased in,.