Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical individuals of an organism, either naturally or artificially. Another definition is the process used to create an exact copy of another gene, cell, tissue or organism. This means that the copied material or clone has exactly the same genetic material or DNA as the original material used. The cloning technique is used all over the world and is a very common method in biotechnology. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why violent video games should not be banned”?Get the original essayBiotechnology is a very important technique that manipulates the genetics of microorganisms to produce antibiotics, hormones and many others Again. However, another very important cloning technique is that of mammals, which is a very important aspect used in modern society. Cloning of mammals very rarely occurs naturally. For example: cloning of parthenogenesis in bees is very rare. Cloning of animals is very common through the method of genetic engineering. These animals are then used both for scientific studies or to make human proteins (like insulin) that we need to survive. These newly cloned animals are called “transgenic animals”. They are made using a fairly complex process called recombinant DNA technology, which is one of the main methods used for cloning in animals and plants. In this technique, the plasmid/gene vector in a bacterial cell is opened at specific points by the use of the restriction enzyme endonuclease. A desirable gene (a section of DNA) from another cell is identified and located (for example, the gene encoding human insulin). This desirable gene is then cut from chromosome fragments using the restriction endonuclease enzyme which is specifically used for the process of “cutting” genes and plasmids. The ligase enzyme then “splices” the desired gene into the open vector. The vector, which now carries the gene, is now inserted into the host bacterial cell. The bacteria containing the desired gene is selected and then grown in a nutrient medium that provides a large population capable of producing the desired gene product. The selected bacteria is grown in a fermenter or bioreactor that provides the optimal pH, temperature and nutrient levels for the new transgenic gene to develop into a healthy and successful gene. After numerous treatments of the product (eg: removal of bacterial cells for recycling), the product then becomes extremely pure and can therefore be produced quickly, which leads to one of the problems of mammalian cloning as well as d other genes. A big concern with cloning is that there may be less variability in populations, thereby exposing the transgenic organism(s) to disease and more. There are also concerns about interference with nature and diminishing genetic diversity. Another concern is that it might be against people's religion and morals. Although there are concerns, there are also many positive aspects of cloning. Cloning can allow organisms to be produced in very large numbers, which can save a person's life if necessary, and the process is also inexpensive. So make it economically viable. When an organism is cloned, the outcome of the process is very predictable since the DNA of the transgenic organism must be identical to thatoriginal. This creates a feeling of uniformity and the consumer is then motivated, so the production rate is very high and the transgene or transgenic organism is produced in large volumes. There are three main types of cloning: therapeutic cloning, genetic cloning and reproductive cloning. Therapeutic cloning (also called embryo cloning) aims to produce a clonal embryo which then generates embryonic stem cells. This is then used to replace cells, tissues, organs and for scientific research. These embryonic stem cells can be used to treat a clonal donor without risk of immune rejection as it replaces damaged/diseased tissues or organs. In the future, therapeutic cloning could be used to grow replacement organs using stem cell technology. This is a very useful cloning method because it produces cloned tissue (e.g. skin grafts in burn victims, so if they feel uncomfortable with their skin they can undergo procedures until they are satisfied with their skin). The use of “bioprinters” can be used to 3D print living tissue. Gene cloning is a method that makes copies of genes or segments of DNA from a cell. This method is also known as DNA cloning and is very different from therapeutic and reproductive cloning. Whereas reproductive cloning is almost identical to therapeutic cloning, and yet so different. In reproductive cloning, the goal is to produce a clonal embryonic implant in the mother's womb with the intention that the mother will carry the child and possibly give birth to it later. This method forms new individuals with a DNA clone identical to the original. There are three different types of reproductive cloning: micropropagation or plant tissue culture for plants and somatic cell nuclear transfer and embryonic nuclear transfer for animals. In animals, this method relies largely on surrogacy to carry the artificially formed fetus in laboratories using the "in vitro" method or using test tubes. When it comes to reproductive cloning, there are two ways to clone animals: a non-embryonic method or a method using cells from early embryos. The non-embryonic pathway is somatic cell nuclear transfer (also known as SCNT). A nucleus is removed from a somatic cell in the body containing the desired genes and the nucleus is removed from the egg cell. This nucleus of the body's somatic cell is then fused with the nucleusless egg cell. A clone cell is then produced which will then be placed in a surrogate mother who will then give birth to this identical copy of the original. For example: Dolly the sheep is an identical copy of her mother with exactly the same DNA fingerprint. She marked the beginning of animal cloning as she was one of the very first animals to be successfully cloned. To enable reproductive cloning in animals using cells from early embryos, you use the embryonic nuclear transfer method. The cells are taken from early developing embryos and can then be used to generate many groups of identical embryos. This clones animal species very quickly and it doesn't cost much. These cells can also be used as a source of stem cells to use in scientific research that could lead to great discoveries in our future. It is legal to do cloning in animals and it is done very often, however, it is illegal to clone. a human. It ispossible but it is not ethical. There are so many concerns about the cloning of human beings. This goes against people's moral/ethical/religious habits. This could lead to future abuse and a lot of chaos, as the question will be "who owns the clone?" » . Cloning is a very important aspect in our life, everyone will want to be part of the property because they will want to stay high. This will cause a lot of drama between the countries and could even cause a war. Human cloning is completely unethical and is illegal in every country in the world. Another big concern in this regard is the number of women who will be needed to provide the quantity of eggs needed for this human cloning research. It is believed that human cloning is never safe and some feel that it would affect the psychological well-being of cloned children. Below is an article from: Science Daily by Springer in March 2017. Since Dolly the Sheep was cloned in 1996, the question of whether human reproductive cloning should be banned or prosecuted has been the subject of debate. an international debate. In an attempt to resolve this problem, the UN formulated a Declaration on Human Cloning in 2005, but it was ambiguously worded and received ambivalent support from UN member states. Today, Adèle Langlois of the University of Lincoln, UK, says those seeking a robust global governance framework on human cloning would do well to examine recent successes in the areas of climate change and business ethics. The report is published in Springer Nature's open access journal, Palgrave Communications. Langlois' study focuses specifically on official documents and first-hand observations at various bioethics meetings to examine the impasse in the human cloning debate currently experienced by the United Nations Council on Education, science and culture. (UNESCO). The United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning prohibits "all forms of human cloning to the extent that they are incompatible with human dignity and the protection of human life", but the lack of support it has received from some states members and The ambiguous interpretation of this term pushed UNESCO to create in 2008 a working group composed of members of its International Bioethics Committee. This working group was to study the feasibility of a legally binding convention prohibiting human reproductive cloning. He found that the current lack of clarity in international law is of no use to States that have not yet formulated national regulations or policies on the subject. Despite this, UNESCO member states resisted the idea of ​​a convention for several years. This changed in 2015 but, according to Langlois, no practical progress has been made since. She believes this impasse can be resolved by establishing a robust global governance framework that uses a deliberative format. It should be based on knowledge sharing and feasibility testing rather than interest-based negotiation common in intergovernmental organizations. It should also involve many stakeholders. This framework is similar to that which the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, another intergovernmental forum, has used to advance climate change negotiations. It also allowed the UN to adopt the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights in 2011, after years of failure to agree on a set of standards on the subject. Langlois says discussions about human cloning.