CHAPTER II¬¬REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE2.1. MangoThe mango tree (Mangifera indica L.) is a tropical plant that can grow in lowlands and warm climates. However, there are also some that can grow in areas up to 600 meters above sea level. (Rukmana, 1997). The mango is a tropical fruit whose cultivation has spread throughout the world. Mangoes contain lots of vitamin A and protein, calories, carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, magnesium and fats. Some commonly consumed species in Indonesia include Mangifera indica L, such as mango arummanis, Dermayu, Manalagi, Golek, etc. . (Tohir, 1981). In general, the anatomical structure of a mango fruit can be seen in Figure 1.1: Figure 2.1 Cross section of a mango fruit and its parts (Kusumo and Soehendro, 1985). Mango trees are native to India and Ceylon. Mango tree varieties rely more on the external morphological characteristics of the plant, including the shape of the tree, leaves, flowers and fruits (Janick, 1972). The trunk of the mango tree is erect, with fairly strong branches. The skin is thick and rough with many small cracks and scales coming from the leaf stems. The color of the old bark is usually grayish brown to black. Mango trees grown from seeds are generally erect, strong and tall, while those grown from joints or sticks are shorter and have stretched branches (Rukmana, 1997). Young mango leaves are usually reddish, purplish or yellowish and will later change color. . the upper side turns bright green, while the lower side is light green. Mango flowers generally have short stems, rarely long stems, and smell sweetly like lilies. Flower petals generally have 5 petals (Rukmana, 1997). B...... middle of paper ...... above (Syam et al., 2009). Apart from this, the process of hydrolysis of starch with acid can accelerate the hydrolysis process. Generally, the acids used for acid hydrolysis are sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. Although these three strong acids can produce high levels of reducing sugar in the hydrolyzate because they break the polysaccharide bonds into smaller parts, which can result in the hydrolysis of more polysaccharides, it is the hydrochloric acid which is safer to use in hydrolysis reaction than sulfuric acid. acid and nitric acid. This is because during the hydrolysis reaction, nitric acid can form NO2 and sulfuric acid can form SO3, which endangers health and safety. Apart from that, hydrochloric acid is a type of strong oxidizing agent, the price is relatively cheap and easy to obtain..