Table of contentsHistoryNatureHow to enter the nano worldMain components of AFMMontact modeAdvantagesContactless modeAdvantagesTapping modeAdvantagesMolecular beam epitaxyAtomic layer epitaxyNanotubesUltra always dryConclusionHistorySince the very beginning of the human race, man becomes smarter, better and innovative. He materialized those aspects which exceeded his limits. After the invention of fire and the wheel, a great revolution occurred in many scientific sectors. The introduction of gears was only the beginning of the mechanical age which itself gave rise to classical science and mechanics. Machines were developed, the problem was that their manufacture required a large amount of resources. More space occupied, less efficiency, different environmental factors cause its operation. In 1959, physicist Richard Feynman discussed nanotechnology in his speech “There's Plenty of Room Down Under.” In this talk he described how to manipulate and work at the atomic and molecular level. Professor Norio Taniguchi is the man who named nanotechnology. It was not explored much until 1981, when Gerd Binig and Heinrich Rohrer invented the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) which made it possible to work at the nanoscale. For this, they were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1986. After that, in 20-25 years, this “nano” took on a “gargantuan” appearance in the era of modern science and continues to develop and progress. It is the role of nanotechnology that transformed the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) into a simple computer and then a laptop. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why violent video games should not be banned”?Get the original essayNatureNanotechnology gives us a large space in a very small area and allows us to combine billions of components in a very small area. Computer manipulation works on Boolean logic gates (which designate 1 as true and 0 as false) but in computers it is practically maintained by voltages using transistors. The device used in ENIAC (first computer) for manipulation was a vacuum tube (consisting of a cathode and an anode), this vacuum tube was larger and less efficient. Just 20,000 transistors took up about 200 square meters, weighed about 35 tons, and consumed the electricity of about 20 homes per hour. The introduction of the transistor (made of semiconductors instead of electrodes) revolutionized the entire computer market. Today, it is simply thanks to nanotechnology that a single 2 cm square chip contains billions of transistors. Nanotechnology is a branch that technically deals with the issue of size below 100 nanometers, where a nanometer itself is equivalent to a billionth of a meter. To get an idea of ​​the nanometer, make 2,540,000 pieces of an inch and take just one piece, it's a member of the nano family. The thickness of a newspaper is approximately 100,000 nanometers. Simply put, nanotechnology refers to the manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular scale. At the nanometer level, surprising properties of atoms and molecules can be observed, such as heat, electricity, optics and many more. Working at such a nanoscale is a daunting task, because manipulation, driving, energy storage are factors that resist significant and rapid change. in the nano world. AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) helps in understanding the shape through proper topographical imaging. AFM is the modified version of STM. How to enter NanoWorldAFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) helps in gathering information about any nanoparticle and also gives proper insight into the shape, size and properties. Main components of AFMCantilever: It is made of Si3N4 OR Si. It is the most important component of AFM which reads the surface. It is used to scan the surface. Image resolution depends on the sharpness of the tip, the sharper the tip, the more valleys will be detectable. Force sensors: These sensors calculate the force between the cantilevered tip and the sample. Light lever sensor: It monitors the deflection of the overhang. The laser beam shows a deviation every time the cantilever shows movement. Feedback control: It creates a fixed relationship between the probe and the surface and ensures not to stray from the path. And gives feedback to the system. It creates a geographic model of the particle simply by “touching, feeling and tapping.” By touch, a tip simply touches the surface and is slid smoothly and smoothly over the surface, corresponding to a three-dimensional topographic image is formed, while the case of touch means that a constant distance is maintained between the tip and the surface of the nanoparticle. But the tapping method is a combination of both. The movement of the cantilever is proportional to the output of the photodetector. Contact mode In this mode, the cantilever moves across the surface and maintains contact throughout the observation. It's as if the bristles of a paintbrush are moving across a rough surface in different directions and gently tracing their path each moment. The location of the hairs taken as feedback gives rise to a topographical image that tells of its shape and size. A laser beam is projected onto a cantilever, then the movement of the laser beam reflected from the cantilever is recorded on a photodiode, creating the same pattern of peaks and valleys seen in state-of-the-art scans . AdvantagesDue to the movement of the tip in a particular direction, its scanning speed is very high. Helps to find the resistance of samples, sometimes also viruses. Resolution at the atomic level is possible. DisadvantagesThe tip sliding on the surface damages the sample, which affects the resolution of the sample. Lateral forces like friction and adhesive cause unwanted movements due to which the sample is affected. Capillary forces also affect the tip and the sample. Non-contact mode In this mode, the tip moves just above the sample surface maintaining a constant distance from it. As the tip approaches the range of attractive forces of the sample surface, the tip bends toward the sample and comes closest when repulsive forces come into play, pushing it away from the surface of the sample. Now the overhang is held in such a way that it counteracts the situation and maintains a constant distance between the sample and the surface. Then a laser beam is projected again and captured by the sensors, and forms a 3D topographic model.AdvantagesThere is no direct contact between the surface and the cantilever tip, no damage occurs. No effect of lateral forces. An electronic feedback loop maintains the amplitude of the oscillation. This avoids damage to the sample. Oscillation and force amplitude that help detect different types of forces. It is actually a combination of two others.AdvantagesDue to oscillation, the time period of the forces and its effects decreases.The resolution of the sample increases.The damage to the sample decreases and the scanning speed is slow.ManufacturingManufacturing at scale.