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Essay / Borges' use of intertextuality and labyrinths in The Garden of Forking Paths
“The Garden of Forking Paths” is a short story written by Jorge Luis Borges. He writes with a deceptive technique that includes several mazes, missing pages, and literary devices. The protagonist of the story is a man named Tsun, a Chinese and English professor who is a spy for the German army. Throughout the story, the reader is able to understand that Tsun is in a maze, while he is racing to complete his mission. He must inform the Germans of the location of the British artillery before being caught. During this mission, Tsun encounters his past and is thrown into another labyrinth, the work of his ancestor. To complete both mazes he must kill Steven Albert who is connected to Tsun in several ways. Tsun's ancestor is also the man Steven Albert studies. They learn of their connection when Tsun meets Albert for the simple reason of killing him, to inform the Germans. This article addresses Borges's random forms of intertextuality, while incorporating two forms of mazes, leading the reader to find themselves caught in their own maze trying to unravel the hidden meanings behind Borges' story. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”?Get the original essayBorges uses the form of intertextuality to introduce other texts throughout his own short story, showing the relationships between both. The reader first encounters intertextuality when Borges compares the relationship between Liddell Hart's World War I works and those he wrote for his story's protagonist, Tsun. Liddell Hart was a British soldier and later wrote his own story about his experiences which resulted in Borges' story. In contrast, Borges writes about the protagonist Tsun, a German spy who attempts to escape Captain Richard Madden and complete his mission of informing Germany of the location of the artillery base. During his mission, Tsun meets Steven Albert at the "Garden of Forking Paths", where the reader finds himself caught in another form of intertextuality, the novel written by Ts'ui Pen. Their meeting is due to his name, which is also that of the British artillery, but their connection between them is much deeper. Albert has spent years studying the failed novel and the labyrinth of Ts'ui Pen who realizes that the novel is the labyrinth. The novel turns out to be a metaphor for what Ts'ui Pen imagines time to be and how all outcomes lead to the same possibilities. This plays into Tsun's life, when he must decide whether to kill Albert. In Borges' story, the use of intertextuality makes it difficult for the reader to fully understand what is happening until they follow the maze written into the story. Borges takes very different paths when he begins comparing Lidell Hart's work to his own protagonist Tsun, and then again when he compares Tsun's life to the novel written by Ts'ui Pen. Borges uses both metaphorical and literal mazes to draw the reader through the labyrinth of his story. A maze is a complex matrix of paths that make finding your way difficult. Tsun's journey is a metaphorical maze that he navigates to accomplish his mission. His journey has many twists and turns as he tries to escape from Captain Richard Madden and then is led straight to Steven Albert by some children. When Tsun arrives at his destination, “The Garden of Forking Paths” created by his ancestor Ts'ui Pen, the reader learns that he is coming.