Table of ContentsIntroductionDiscovery of Parkinson's DiseaseExplanation of Parkinson's DiseaseSymptom/Who Does It Affect?Treatments for Parkinson's DiseaseInteresting Facts About Parkinson's Disease/Impact about our worldConclusionReferencesIntroductionThe purpose of this report is to thoroughly inform the reader about the significant history of Parkinson's disease, an explanation of what Parkinson's disease is, the symptoms that can be attributed to Parkinson's disease, treatments for Parkinson's disease and finally interesting facts about Parkinson's disease and the mark it leaves on our world. Through this, the reader will be better informed about Parkinson's disease and will be able to highlight the key points of this article. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on 'Why violent video games should not be banned'?Get the original essayParkinson's disease is a progressive, long-lasting disorder that affects the nerve cells in the brain responsible for body movements. This is a truly horrible disease that causes tremors, stiffness and sluggishness as dopamine-producing nerve cells die. It is a disease known to gradually invade the human body and deprive it of its motor functions. However, the discovery and research into this merciless and mysterious disease has brought comfort to our world. The discovery of the first encounter with Parkinson dates back to the 19th century, when the English surgeon James Parkinsons published his work “An Essay on the Shaking Palsy”. This groundbreaking 66-page essay highlights what Parkinson's disease sees as a new medical species in our world. Parkinson's Disease is believed to have been impelled to write this medical classic by his hero and colleague John Hunter, who, probably unbeknownst to him, suffered from tremor paralysis during his Croonian lecture of 1776. He believed at the time that This was a new "medical species" in which he found several different cases where Parkinson's disease was predominant. In Case 2, he talks about a woman who suffered from Parkinson's disease for most of her life, a disease that gradually took over her body, causing horrible symptoms. “A lady, aged seventy-one, suffered from universal paralysis: all parts of the body trembled without being fully supported. The muscles of respiration were so affected that breathing was carried out with difficulty; but during sleep, the vibratory movements of the muscles ceased and breathing took place more regularly: any effort of the will to modify these morbid actions increased them. » Fast forward to 1872, Charcot and his students began research into Parkinson's disease. Charcot and his students described the clinical spectrum of this disease, noting two prototypes, the tremulous form and therefore the rigid/akinetic form. They described in detail the changes, dysautonomia and pain that can accompany Parkinson's disease. Charcot was the first to suggest the use of the name "Parkinson's disease", rejecting the earlier assertion that it should be referred to as paralysis agitans or tremor paralysis, as he recognized that patients with the disease Parkinson's disease are not noticeably weak and do not necessarily have tremors. .Parkinson's Disease ExplainedWhat is Parkinson's Disease?Parkinson's disease is a progressive disease that affects nerve cells in the deep part of the brain called the basal ganglia and substantia nigra. These nerve cells areresponsible for the creation of neurotransmitter dopamine, responsible for relaying messages and creating body movements. For unknown reasons, nerve cells in the substantia nigra begin to die and when 80% of dopamine is lost, symptoms such as tremors and stiffness begin to appear. How are tremors created? Impulses for body movements are triggered in the motor. cortex and it is the basal ganglia that are responsible for the activation and inhibition of special circuits. These neurons move incredibly quickly from the brain to the spinal cord and finally to the muscles. When the dopamine receptors in the striatum are not stimulated enough in parts of the basal ganglia to become understimulated or overstimulated. More importantly, the subthalamic nucleus becomes overactive and, therefore, acts as an internal brake to the globe pallidus causing movement to cease and rigidity. When the GPI becomes overstimulated, it has an overinhibitory effect on the thalamus, which in turn decreases thalamus output and causes tremor. How do the symptoms start? The action of dopamine is opposed by another neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. Symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as tremors and stiffness, occur when nerve cells fire and there is not enough dopamine to transmit messages. High levels of glutamate, another neurotransmitter, also appear in PD because the body tries to make up for the lack of dopamineStudies on Genetic VariationsWith a large-scale candidate for the next genetic study, Chung et al began their study on the PD by investigating the association of common variants in PARK loci and associated genes with PD susceptibility and age of onset in a non-consanguineous population. They successfully matched 1,103 cases from the upper Midwest of the United States with unaffected siblings to 654 and/or unrelated controls to 449. Using a sequencing approach in 25 cases and 25 controls, SNPs in species-conserved regions of PARK loci and associated genes were detected. A total of 235 SNPs and two other variable number tandem repeats in the ATP13A2, DJ1, LRRK1, LRRK2, MAPT, Omi/HtrA2, PARK2, PINK1, SNCA, SNCB, SNCG, SPR and UCHL1 genes were genotyped in both 206 subjects. Symptom/Who is it affected?What are the symptoms?Symptoms of Parkinson's disease vary from person to person, including how the disease progresses. Symptoms may include: Bradykinesia – which can cause slow movements, an emotionless face, excessive blinking and drooling. Tremors at rest – shaking without being able to control them can be reduced with targeted movement. Rigidity – stiffness caused by increased muscle tone. Postural instability – a feeling of imbalance. . Patients often compensate by lowering their center of gravity, resulting in a hunched posture. Freezing or freezing in place Shuffling or dragging one foot Hunched posture Small, cramped writing Sleep problems, insomnia Apathy, depression Decreased voice volume or tremor when speaking Difficulty to swallowConstipationCognitive impairmentWho is mainly affected? Parkinson's disease affects more than 1.5 million Americans and approximately 60,000 people are diagnosed each year. Parkinson's disease occurs 50% more often in men than women and, although the exact reason is unknown, some suggested explanations may include a higher rate of head trauma and greater exposure to toxins in men. ThereParkinson's disease is a disease known to affect older adults and is the second most common age-related degenerative nerve disease after Alzheimer's disease. The reason why Parkinson's disease affects older people is unknown, but scientists say it can be attributed to a combination of genetic and external factors. How to make a diagnosis? Because many conditions and medications mimic the same symptoms of Parkinson's disease, an initial diagnosis can be difficult. TO DO. Several tests are needed to diagnose Parkinson's disease because no two people have the exact same symptoms. An extremely thorough physical examination and history are sufficient to diagnose Parkinson's disease. Self-Care Treatments for Parkinson's Disease Many patients with Parkinson's disease have a normal lifestyle full of exercise and healthy eating. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle by eating right and exercising can help maintain overall health and well-being. Exercise is just as important as medication for Parkinson's disease because it helps maintain flexibility and improves balance and range of motion. Medications Several medications are used to manage the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, each of which may be used separately or in combination with one another, depending on how far the disease has progressed. Keep dopamine in the brain by blocking the breakdown action of MAO-B. These drugs are selegiline (Eldepryl,Zelapar) and rasagiline (Azilect), which are also neuroprotective and can slow the progression of the disease. Amantadine (Symmetrel) which increases the release of dopamine. Pramipexole (Mirapex), ropinirole (Requip) and apomorphine (Apokyn) all mimic dopamine and attach to receptors at the neuron's synapse. Replace missing dopamine in the brain. Levodopa which replaces missing dopamine in the brain, which helps with movement problems such as tremors, stiffness, slowness and walking. Tolcapone (Tasmar) and entacapone (Comtan) which help ensure the supply of Levodopa to the brain by blocking COMT. Reduce the activity of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. These medications reduce tremor and include trihexyphenidyl (Artane) and benztropine (Cogentin) which reduce the activity of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, reducing tremor. Surgery When all else fails to control the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, surgery may be the only option left. One of the most promising surgical procedures Deep brain stimulation is a surgical procedure that involves adding a pacemaker to the brain that is responsible for sending electrical signals to the parts of the brain responsible for movement. During surgery, electrodes are placed on the brain, usually on the subthalamic nucleus, depending on the symptoms being treated. The electrodes are connected to long extension leads that are passed under the skin and down the neck to a battery-powered stimulator under the skin of the chest. When turned on, the stimulator sends electrical pulses that block the onset of symptoms. Interesting Facts About Parkinson's Disease/Impact on Our World The exact cause of Parkinson's disease is still largely unknown. Inheritance of the disease is extremely unlikely since only 10 to 15% of cases are genetically inherited. Each patient with Parkinson's disease has different symptoms due to the diversity of the disease. However, the myths.: 10.1155/2019/3846279