Pluralism with Multiple Methods of AdaptationGould and Lewontin present an argument criticizing the way evolutionary science relies solely on adaptations in the current environment. Their argument, known as pluralism, asserts that evolutionary biology continues down the path of adaptationism without ever exploring other methods. Gould and Lewontin propose several alternative approaches, the fourth of which asserts that identical trade in different organisms of the same species can be conducted in different ways that achieve the same result. They claim that organisms that do this are a product of selection, even if they used one method over another, it does not improve the fitness of the organism. To demonstrate this, suppose there are two foxes. The first is capable of digging the burrow using its front legs and its snout while the second uses its rear legs followed by the front legs. In this scenario, both of these foxes dig equally sufficient burrows at the same rate and both are able to stay and live comfortably inside. Foxes achieve the same result using different meths....