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  • Essay / Identification of dermatophytes by DNA markers and their antimycotic studies using essential oils

    A medicinal plant is used by humans for medicinal purposes and to build or maintain health. Health care traditions have always been hallmarks of human societies and available evidence shows that plants play a prominent role in therapy (Srivastava, 2005). Herbal medicine still plays an important role in rural areas today and various locally produced medicines are still used as household remedies for various diseases, especially in these regions (Qureshi & Ghufran, 2005). Say no to plagiarism. Get Customized Essay on 'Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned'? Get Original Essay Researchers at the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, examined around 3,051 plants for their biological activity (Dhawan et al., 1980). Only 10 plants showed activity against the superficial mycosis pathogen. The antimicrobial properties of essential oils obtained from aerial parts and seeds of aromatic plants such as oregano, thyme, lavender, rosemary, cinnamon, cloves, basil, ginger, coriander, coriander, eucalyptus, funnel grass and dill are well documented (Elgayyar et al., 2001, Delaquis et al., 2002, Kwon et al., 2002; Jirovetz et al., 2003, Lo Cantore et al The examination of indigenous local herbs and plant materials has also been reported worldwide, for example in India (Ahmad & Beg, 2001), Argentina (Penna et al., 2001) and Finland (Rauhaef al. ., 2000). Rhuburb extract has been reported to be effective against Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton (Itsuo, 1985, (1994) examined more than a hundred methanolic extracts of the plants. antifungal activity and 30 extracts showed activity against 4 or more of the fungi analyzed. Essential oils and aromatic plant extracts have long been used for a wide variety of medicinal and domestic purposes (Brown, 1995). Basically, it is a mixture of 30-40 components of varying concentrations. Among these, only two to three compounds are in major concentration and the rest are only in trace amounts. For example, linalool is the major component of Coriandrum sativum, menthol and menthone are the major components of Mentha piperita, carvacrol and thymol are the major components of Origanum compactum, etc. Generally, these major components of the essential oil determine the biological properties of that oil. Pichersky et al. , 2006 and Ipek et al. , 2005. But in some studies (Santana Rios et al., 2001 and Hoet et al., 2006), it was revealed that the biological activity of the essential oil is not due to a particular major component but to the synergy of the major components and minor components and even in some cases, the minor component plays an important role then the major component in the given activity (Franzios et al., 1997). It is therefore more important to study the entire composition of the essential oil instead of just one or two major components. component. Thakur et al. (1982) also reported a higher incidence of ringworm infection in goats between November and March. Several researchers have contributed significantly to the antimycotic activity of medicinal plants, but the work is very fragmentary and meager (Pattnaik et al., 1996; Rai and Acharya, 2000). The exceptional enzymatic capacities of aquatic fungi have led to their wide use in biotechnological applications (Adrio & Demain, 2003), notably for the degradation and detoxification of many organic pollutants andinorganic water. For example, studies on the aquatic hyphomycete Heliscus lugdunesis suggest a role for aquatic fungi in the environmental fate of aquatic pollutants (Augustin et al., 2006). Itisha Singh, 2004 studied 60 samples of various soil types from Himachal Pradesh and isolated 257 KF isolates, mostly from forest soils (86), followed by garden soils (44) and field soils. games (39). This study attributes a high predominance of keratinophilic fungi in such a cold climate due to the addition of keratin material from birds and animals. Chrysosporium indicum is the most predominant of all fungal species. Jain and Sharma, 2012 carried out an extensive survey on the presence of keratinophilic fungi in and near Rajasthan University, Jaipur and collected 67 samples from sites such as a library, ICICI bank, curbside canteen road, a PG study center, hostels, a garden, etc., which yielded 192 isolates belonging to 21 species of keratinophilic and dermatophyte fungi. Additionally, they also concluded that the presence of keratinophilic fungi dominates from natural to slightly alkaline pH. Kumawat et al. , 2013 studied the keratin-degrading fungal flora in the industrial area of ​​Jaipur and isolated 12 fungal strains from 58 soil samples in which Trichophyton mentagrophytes is the most predominant (12.5%), followed by Microsporum canis (10%). . But the interesting part of the study is the absence of Microsporum canis in the samples taken from the soil of the poultry farms. Deshmukh and Verekam, 2014 showed 25 samples from different sites of Sanjay Gandhi National Park and isolated 73 isolates, with Chrysosporium indicum (16.0%) being the most predominant, followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (12.0%). This fungal identification is done both morphologically and by ITS sequencing of ribosomal DNA. Mahariya and Sharma, 2017 carried out an interesting study on fungal succession on keratinized nails and hair, mostly of human origin and concluded that the initial phase of fungal growth is heavily dominated by non-keratin fungi like Fusarium, but As we progress from 75 days to 90 days of fungal growth, almost all non-keratinophilic fungi are eliminated and only 4 keratinophilic fungi C. tropicum, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton soudanses and Chrysosporium indicum remain persistent. Coriander Coriandrum sativum belongs to the Umbelliferacea/Apiaceae family and is cultivated worldwide using seeds ( Mhemdi et al., 2011 ). When we talk about its overall production, India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of coriander, with an annual production of 3 lakh tonnes per year. The main components of the seeds and leaves of this plant are essential oil and fatty acids (Coskuner and Karababa, 2007). The essential oil content of this plant ranges from 0.03% to 2.6%, which is a good ration when compared to other plants of similar nature (Nadeem et al., 2013). Knio et al. , 2007 used Coriandrum sativum essential oil against Ochlerotatus caspius (mosquitoes, larvae) with a concentration gradient of LC 50 15-158 ppm and obtained good results. From the above example, it is clearly evident that C. sativum oil also exhibits cidal activity in addition to its antimicrobial activity. Three species of Juniperus communis, J. oxycedrus and J. turbinate showed excellent results against most keratinophilic fungi such as T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, M. canis, M. gypseum and E. flocossum. These results were shown by both berry (at a concentration of 0.08 to 10 µl/ml) and leaf (at a concentration of 0.08 to 10 µl/ml).