Female Genital Mutilation: Culture versus Human Rights Attention is the fact that every story has two sides. . Some experts question the zero-tolerance approach to FGM and cast doubt on campaign efforts, while others call for urgent action. Is the UK heading towards a safe haven or a world that upholds cultural rights more than human rights? Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essay No one knows exactly how FGM originated whether it started in one or more places. However, this type of practice is known to have existed for thousands of years and therefore predates Christianity and Islam. Today, FGM embodies many different things in different cultures. For years, traditions of female circumcision posed no problem. In 1979, the topic became hot when the Hosken Report attempted to document how many girls were being cut and in which countries. When Fran Hosken presented her findings, it made waves. Although the term female genital mutilation was considered controversial, women's groups began to adapt their terminology. Eventually, the United Nations began using the term in its official documentation in 1994, followed by the World Health Organization which designed a classification system describing the different types of FGM covered by the generic term. This change in terminology led to a change in policy. FGM involves procedures that intentionally alter or cause injury to the female genitalia for non-medical reasons. According to the WHO, there are four types of FGM. It is practiced for various cultural, religious and social reasons, for example to guarantee virginity before marriage and fidelity after marriage or to initiate a girl into womanhood. This invasive procedure is not medical and has no health benefits. In fact, it's the opposite. This practice can lead to serious health problems, including complications during childbirth, problems urinating or having your period, repeated infections which can lead to infertility, pain or difficulty during sexual intercourse, problems with mental health and even death. It is usually performed on girls before the age of 15 and traditionally performed by a woman without medical training, without anesthesia or antiseptic treatment, using knives, scissors, pieces of glass or razor blades. In the UK, FGM is a crime. offense since 1985, when the UK Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act, also known as the 1985 Act, was passed. The Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003 replaced the 1985 Act in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation Act 2005 replaced the 1985 Act in Scotland. Type 1 Clitoridectomy: partial or complete removal of the clitoris, Type 2 Excision: partial or complete removal of the clitoris and labia, Type 3 Infibulation: narrowing of the vaginal opening by creating a seal formed by cutting and repositioning the labia, Type 4 All other harmful procedures to the female genitals for non-medical purposes, including pricking, piercing, cutting, scratching or burning, allegedly to purify them for their husbands. Sometimes this is done to girls because it was done to their mother,as a rite of passage or a coming-of-age ritual. FGM is not a religious exercise and is not required in any of the holy books. This happens in Christian, Muslim and Jewish communities, but no religious text indicates that it should be done. In early 2019, the United Kingdom (and England in particular) completed its first successful prosecution in an FGM case. However, until 2019, there have been only three other trials involving FGM, all of which ended in acquittal. Clearly, these offenses constitute a difficult area of law for prosecutors.[footnoteRef:8] Here are some important facts and developments which require consideration in relation to a number of issues: Firstly, the first prosecution brought in the UK for FGM was not a case of a clandestine clinic offering illegal circumcision, nor the prosecution of parents who took their daughters abroad to be subjected to FGM during so-called cutting season . A doctor has been tried for performing FGM after giving birth, making an incision on a woman to help her give birth, repairing the mutilation she suffered as a child. He was accused of sewing up the woman's vagina after childbirth in a manner that allegedly amounted to the reinstitution of FGM (reinfibulation). This case therefore focused on whether a single stitch used by a doctor constituted FGM. The doctor had never seen a woman who had undergone FGM, had never received training on the subject and had no experience in how to perform a deinfibulation procedure to help women who had undergone FGM give birth in completely safe. He got her consent to make a cut and as the cut continued to bleed, he decided to suture it to stop the bleeding. The CPS made the accusations public days before the DPP was due to appear before a committee for questioning about it. the inability to bring a single prosecution for FGM, so this must be considered a show trial. Furthermore, the mother did not support the accusation and clearly expressed her discomfort at being at the center of this historic case, which brings us to the next consideration. Due to the hidden nature of the crime, the true extent of FGM is unknown. The Serious Crime Act 2015 made reporting mandatory in England and Wales. This obligation applies when, in the exercise of his professional duties, a health or social professional or a teacher discovers that FGM appears to have been practiced on a young girl under the age of 18, whether revealed by the victim or noted by the professional. The latter has caused serious concern among health professionals. Some of these women took years to tell anyone what happened to them, and reporting any teenager who sees a doctor for any reason, without explicit consent, could be considered a breach of trust. A safe haven must be created for women to express themselves, which is why this measure is considered counterproductive and given the young age of potential victims, it is difficult to rely on a child to testify against a loved one . A surgical procedure called deinfibulation may be done to open the vagina. This treatment is known as reversal, but the procedure does not replace removed tissue or repair damage caused by FGM. In summary, the CPS can only prosecute on the basis of evidence, the police can only investigate on the basis of a referral. and health professionals do not make referrals due to.

Essay / Female Genital Mutilation: Culture versus Human Rights Attention is the fact that every story has two sides. . Some experts question the zero-tolerance approach to FGM and cast doubt on campaign efforts, while others call for urgent action. Is the UK heading towards a safe haven or a world that upholds cultural rights more than human rights? Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essay No one knows exactly how FGM originated whether it started in one or more places. However, this type of practice is known to have existed for thousands of years and therefore predates Christianity and Islam. Today, FGM embodies many different things in different cultures. For years, traditions of female circumcision posed no problem. In 1979, the topic became hot when the Hosken Report attempted to document how many girls were being cut and in which countries. When Fran Hosken presented her findings, it made waves. Although the term female genital mutilation was considered controversial, women's groups began to adapt their terminology. Eventually, the United Nations began using the term in its official documentation in 1994, followed by the World Health Organization which designed a classification system describing the different types of FGM covered by the generic term. This change in terminology led to a change in policy. FGM involves procedures that intentionally alter or cause injury to the female genitalia for non-medical reasons. According to the WHO, there are four types of FGM. It is practiced for various cultural, religious and social reasons, for example to guarantee virginity before marriage and fidelity after marriage or to initiate a girl into womanhood. This invasive procedure is not medical and has no health benefits. In fact, it's the opposite. This practice can lead to serious health problems, including complications during childbirth, problems urinating or having your period, repeated infections which can lead to infertility, pain or difficulty during sexual intercourse, problems with mental health and even death. It is usually performed on girls before the age of 15 and traditionally performed by a woman without medical training, without anesthesia or antiseptic treatment, using knives, scissors, pieces of glass or razor blades. In the UK, FGM is a crime. offense since 1985, when the UK Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act, also known as the 1985 Act, was passed. The Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003 replaced the 1985 Act in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation Act 2005 replaced the 1985 Act in Scotland. Type 1 Clitoridectomy: partial or complete removal of the clitoris, Type 2 Excision: partial or complete removal of the clitoris and labia, Type 3 Infibulation: narrowing of the vaginal opening by creating a seal formed by cutting and repositioning the labia, Type 4 All other harmful procedures to the female genitals for non-medical purposes, including pricking, piercing, cutting, scratching or burning, allegedly to purify them for their husbands. Sometimes this is done to girls because it was done to their mother,as a rite of passage or a coming-of-age ritual. FGM is not a religious exercise and is not required in any of the holy books. This happens in Christian, Muslim and Jewish communities, but no religious text indicates that it should be done. In early 2019, the United Kingdom (and England in particular) completed its first successful prosecution in an FGM case. However, until 2019, there have been only three other trials involving FGM, all of which ended in acquittal. Clearly, these offenses constitute a difficult area of law for prosecutors.[footnoteRef:8] Here are some important facts and developments which require consideration in relation to a number of issues: Firstly, the first prosecution brought in the UK for FGM was not a case of a clandestine clinic offering illegal circumcision, nor the prosecution of parents who took their daughters abroad to be subjected to FGM during so-called cutting season . A doctor has been tried for performing FGM after giving birth, making an incision on a woman to help her give birth, repairing the mutilation she suffered as a child. He was accused of sewing up the woman's vagina after childbirth in a manner that allegedly amounted to the reinstitution of FGM (reinfibulation). This case therefore focused on whether a single stitch used by a doctor constituted FGM. The doctor had never seen a woman who had undergone FGM, had never received training on the subject and had no experience in how to perform a deinfibulation procedure to help women who had undergone FGM give birth in completely safe. He got her consent to make a cut and as the cut continued to bleed, he decided to suture it to stop the bleeding. The CPS made the accusations public days before the DPP was due to appear before a committee for questioning about it. the inability to bring a single prosecution for FGM, so this must be considered a show trial. Furthermore, the mother did not support the accusation and clearly expressed her discomfort at being at the center of this historic case, which brings us to the next consideration. Due to the hidden nature of the crime, the true extent of FGM is unknown. The Serious Crime Act 2015 made reporting mandatory in England and Wales. This obligation applies when, in the exercise of his professional duties, a health or social professional or a teacher discovers that FGM appears to have been practiced on a young girl under the age of 18, whether revealed by the victim or noted by the professional. The latter has caused serious concern among health professionals. Some of these women took years to tell anyone what happened to them, and reporting any teenager who sees a doctor for any reason, without explicit consent, could be considered a breach of trust. A safe haven must be created for women to express themselves, which is why this measure is considered counterproductive and given the young age of potential victims, it is difficult to rely on a child to testify against a loved one . A surgical procedure called deinfibulation may be done to open the vagina. This treatment is known as reversal, but the procedure does not replace removed tissue or repair damage caused by FGM. In summary, the CPS can only prosecute on the basis of evidence, the police can only investigate on the basis of a referral. and health professionals do not make referrals due to.

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