3.1 Low Pass FilterA low pass filter is a filter that passes low frequency signals but attenuates frequencies above the cutoff frequency. We can say that the low pass filter has only one cutoff frequency and only one. bandwidth. It is sometimes called a high cut filter or treble cut filter when used in audio applications. A low-pass filter is the opposite of a high-pass filter, and a band-pass filter is a combination of a low-pass filter and a high-pass filter. In the low-pass filter, inductors block high-frequency signals and conduct low-frequency signals, while capacitors do the opposite. A filter in which the signal passes through an inductor, or in which a capacitor provides a path to ground, exhibits less attenuation of low-frequency signals than high-frequency signals [12].L LCFigure 3.1 Low-pass filter of basicThe concept of a low-pass filter The all-pass filter comes in many different forms, including electronic circuits, digital algorithms for smoothing data sets, image blurring, acoustic barriers, and more. Low-pass filters play the same role in signal processing as moving averages in other areas, such as finance; both tools provide a softer form of signal that removes short-term oscillations, leaving only the long-term trend. The inductors and capacitors are the reactive elements of the filter. The number of elements determines the order of the filter.3.2 Low-pass prototype filterThe design of the low p...... middle of paper ......h/W)-0.5] =0.88 3.13& λgl = 300/ (1.5√ εrel) = 53.300 mm 3.14L1 = L3 = (Zo/go) (Ωc/2πfc) g1 = 8.209 Х 10-9 henery 3.15C2 = (go/Zo) (Ωc/2πfc) g2 = 3.652 Х 10- 12 farad 3.16 l1 = l3 = (λgl /2π) Sin-1 (ωc L1 / ZOL) =28.599 mm 3.17 l2 = (λgc /2π) Sin-1 (ωc C2 Zoc) = 8.25 mm 3.18Figure 3.4. (a) Stepped impedance, LPFP of LC ladder type. The plots for the transmission coefficient and reflection coefficient of the simulation results are shown in Figure 3.4(b). Figure 3.4. (b) Stepped impedance response, LC ladder type LPF3.5 Concluding remarks The result shows the response of the proposed stepped impedance, LC ladder type low pass filter. The graph is plotted by taking the gain (dB) on the Y axis and the frequency in GHz on the X axis. From the graph it is clear that the cutoff frequency is 1 GHz..