Table of Contents Quantitative Research Article: Cho, E., Chin, D., Kim, S., and Hong, O. (2016). The relationships between nurse staffing level and work environment with adverse patient events. Journal of Nursing ScholarshipQuestion 1Question 2Question 3Question 4Question 5Question 1Question 2Question 3Question 4Question 5Quantitative research article: Cho, E., Chin, D., Kim, S., and Hong, O. (2016). The relationships between nurse staffing level and work environment with adverse patient events. Journal of Nursing ScholarshipQuestion 1The authors describe the research problem in the introductory section of the article. In this section, the authors note that the South Korean health system continues to provide lower quality health care despite notable developments in other areas such as increased access to hospital care, increased investment in hospitals and advanced medical technologies. Compared to other OECD countries, such as Canada, nurses in South Korea report lower quality of care provided to patients. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get an original essay In the literature review section, the authors explore the available evidence on the identified research problem. Through this literature review, the authors establish that although there is strong evidence describing the association between patient outcomes and nursing staffing levels, such studies have primarily been conducted in Europe and the United States. -United. As such, empirical evidence on whether there is an association between patient outcomes and nursing staffing levels in South Korean hospitals is lacking. In the “Methods” section, the authors present the range of methodologies used in the study. The study collected three key types of data, including nurse survey data, hospital discharge data, and facility data. Data analysis of the study focused primarily on the analysis of descriptive statistics. Through this analysis, the researchers sought to examine: the level of nurse staffing and work environment; the incidence of adverse events; and characteristics of nurses and hospitals. In their conclusion, the authors established that there is a significant association between the level of nurse staffing and the work environment of nurses, on the one hand, and adverse events in patients, on the other hand. This finding was consistent with previous studies that identified an association between inadequate nursing staffing levels and adverse patient events. Question 2 As noted previously, the introductory section focuses largely on describing the research problem and, as such, provides little evidence to support the researchers' conclusion. The literature review section, however, provides strong evidence to support the researchers' conclusion. Similar to the study's conclusion, the available literature supports the observation that there is a significant association between nurse staffing levels and adverse patient events. It can also be noted that the evidence provided in the methodology section supports the researchers' conclusion. To ensure improvement over previous evidence, the current study controlled for nurse, hospital, and patient characteristics.Equally important to the researchers' findings was the use of multilevel ordinal logistic regression in data analysis. Using this data analysis approach, researchers were able to control for nurse and hospital characteristics when exploring the relationship between nurse staffing level and adverse patient events. Question 3 Although the article does not describe in detail all measures taken to protect subjects, there are significant differences. evidence that researchers took certain steps. Among these measures was ensuring that nurses completed questionnaires provided privately. Additionally, participating nurses were provided with envelopes in which to place the completed questionnaires and the envelopes were placed in locked boxes placed at each of the participating hospitals. This approach protected the identity of the participating nurses. It can also be noted that the data generated by the researchers does not contain any personally identifiable information. By removing all personally identifiable information, the researchers ensured that the study did not infringe on the privacy of participants. Despite the above measures, the study does not describe in detail how subject recruitment was carried out. More importantly, the article does not indicate whether institutional review board (IRB) approval was obtained. Another important aspect relating to the protection of human subjects that is not covered by the article is whether informed consent was obtained from the participants. Specifically, the article does not indicate whether participating nurses were adequately informed of the nature and purpose of the study during recruitment. Overall, researchers should have comprehensively considered all ethical considerations associated with research on human subjects and provide evidence of this in the article. Question 4 The study by Cho et al. (2016) presents several identifiable strengths and limitations. One of the main strengths of the study is the use of a randomly selected data set obtained from large sample sizes. At 92%, the study response rate could also be identified as an equally significant positive result, improving the reliability of the results. With such a high response rate, researchers were more confident that the study results represented the entire target population. Another important positive point is that the study took into account the characteristics of nurses, hospitals and patients. By controlling for all three variables, the researchers ensured that the influence of the characteristics of these variables on the association between nurse staffing level and adverse patient outcomes was properly accounted for. Despite the above strengths, the study has several limitations, including the cross-sectional nature of the data used. Because the study relied on cross-sectional data to test its hypothesis, its results cannot be reliably used to describe a causal relationship between the three main constructs: nurse staffing level; nurses' work environment; and adverse events in patients. The fact that the study used a self-report survey to obtain data on outcomes and covariates could also be identified as a limitation. Specifically, recall difficulties associated with reporting bias may have influenced nurse-reported adverse events. In this regard, the prevalence of eventsadverse events in patients could have been overestimated or underestimated due to the lack of objective measurement of this variable. Another limitation of the study concerns the use of hospital discharge data from surgical patients as the sole source of data on adjusting for patient characteristics. This limitation could have a significant effect on the generalizability of the study results. Question 5 The study evidence has a significant influence on nursing practice. First, the study results provide evidence for the association between nurse staffing level and adverse events among patients in South Korea. Notably, such evidence was lacking prior to the study by Cho et al. (2016). With the evidence currently available, nursing practice across the country should use this information to design interventions to overcome barriers related to nursing shortages. Since healthcare quality is best described by patient outcomes, the study data is likely to lead to policy change in the South Korean healthcare sector, strongly emphasizing the focus on increasing opportunities for healthcare organizations to increase their nursing staffing levels. Qualitative research article: Oostveen, C., Mathijssen, E. and Vermeulen, H. (2015). Nurse staffing issues are just the tip of the iceberg: A qualitative study of nurses' perceptions of nursing staff. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 52:1300-1309.Question 1The researchers use the introductions section to provide an overview of the issue of nurse staffing levels and patient outcomes. A brief review of the literature in this area indicates that although nurse staffing levels should fully match the demand for care and positively influence patient outcomes, nurses have reported that current staffing levels do not are not sufficient to guarantee high quality care. The literature review section of the article is incorporated into the introductory section and advances the authors' discussion of the association between nurse staffing level and patient outcomes. The authors also use this section to describe the concepts of nurse-patient ratios (NPR) and patient classification systems (PCS) as applied in the Dutch healthcare sector. The study used a descriptive phenomenological approach as part of its research methodology. The choice of this approach was based on the need to reduce the likelihood of participants presenting their individual experiences. Interviews were the primary data collection method for the study. Data analysis for the study used the Colaizzi analytical method and MAXQDA version 11. Data analysis involved first transcribing the audio recorded during the interviews and grouping them into meaningful segments. The transcribed data were then coded and grouped into themes for easier analysis. In their findings, the researchers noted three key themes central to nurses' experiences of nurse staffing: nursing behavior; autonomy; and authority. Based on these results, the researchers concluded that there are other important issues related to the position of nurses and that nursing staff is only the "tip of the iceberg." Question 2 The evidence presented in most sections of the article appears to support the researchers' conclusion. . In the.