Through the Enlightenment, Western attitudes toward reform, faith, and reason became hopeful and interested in being included in the Enlightenment, as it was a very big evolution of the philosophy and science. One of the main things that influenced philosophers was the emergence of natural philosophy, which was new scientific ideas and methods that challenged ideas from medieval times. Philosophers were influenced by this because it gave them the idea of ​​being able to challenge the old with the new. Salons are another major element that influenced the philosophy of the Enlightenment. These were places that gave them the opportunity to spread their new ideas, thoughts and philosophies. Voltaire was a very influential philosopher during the Age of Enlightenment. Through the many times he was exiled and chased away due to his categorical views on political issues, he remained strong and this is what inspired other philosophers to do the same. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why violent video games should not be banned”? Get the original essay The Encyclopedia was considered one of the greatest monuments of the Enlightenment. This book was a collection of data on important articles, illustrations, agriculture and other important knowledge about the social and economic life of the 18th century. This helped show the reason for the Enlightenment and strive to focus on life on earth. Philosophers viewed organized religion as their greatest enemy because it opposed the philosophers' new ideas about science and how the world worked. Because the Bible was the model for organized religion, they did not like to represent philosophies or discoveries that said something other than what is in the Bible. During the Enlightenment, philosophers found a way to combine religion and reasoning called deism. Deism was the belief that a god created the universe and allowed it to function without interference, and that you were rewarded or punished for your actions after death. This belief was very tolerant and allowed reasoning. During the Enlightenment, 18th-century Jewish thinkers embraced the new emphasis on reason, scientific discoveries, and philosophy as a means of revitalizing their state. One of the main Jewish writers who contributed to this contribution was Moses Mendelssohn, who established the outline of a man who advocated the integration of Jews into modern European life and wished to combine Judaism and the new reasoning of the Enlightenment . The Enlightenment's assessments of Islam and their assessment of Christianity and Judaism were both seen as similar because of their same criticisms of traditional religion and the conflicts that arose from it and different because in Judaism they only wanted the religious tolerance, but in Islam, the European religion of Christianity considered their religion to be false and intolerable. Philosophers of the time still viewed women as those who should only take on traditional household tasks like cooking, cleaning, and having children. Rousseau's view of women consisted of women demanding to be inferior to men and having to belong to two different social spheres. The spheres of men were to populate the world of citizenship, political action and civic virtue. The spheres of women being that they should only participate in domestic obligations. Mary Wollstonecraft and defenderof Women's Rights and Equality criticized Rousseau's views as unfavorable to women and that he supported traditional roles for women in order to restrict and limit their experience. Adam Smith believed that Earth's resources were unlimited, while mercantilists believed that Earth's resources were limited and rare, so that only one nation could acquire wealth at the expense of others. Smith could be considered a consumer advocate because he disapproves of government interference in the economy and with consumers which can sometimes be a nuisance. Smith espoused the theory of human social and economic development, known as the Four Stages Theory. This implied that there were four types of society: hunter-gatherer, pastoral or herder, agricultural or commercial. As commerce was considered the most advanced, it included cities, countryside and elaborate financial arrangements. Europe saw itself in this type and believed that non-Europeans who belonged to the lower types were not as advanced or developed and viewed them as inferior beings. Enlightened writers viewed European empires negatively because of the way they treated Native Americans. and how they enslaved Africans. An enlightened writer with a negative view wrote: “The first and most fundamental idea is that human beings deserve a modicum of moral and political respect simply by virtue of being human. » in reference to the immoral actions of Europeans towards non-Europeans due to their place in the Four Stages theory. While Montesquieu's political views were that the executive power was within the king, the legislative power in Parliament, and the judicial power within the courts, which allowed one of the two branches to control itself and s 'balance, while Rousseau's view was to give up your rights. to the will of the community. Montesquieu's view was incorrect because he did not take into consideration how powerful aristocrats dominated the government. Rousseau was considered a child of the Enlightenment because he agreed with the government's opinion. He was also someone who valued society more than the individual. Enlightened monarchs did not really believe in the ideals of philosophers. They simply believed and acted on their ideas and helped their people, but only so they could stay in power. In reality, they did not have absolute power because they did things to favor the community and enlightened writers, which motivated their reforms rather than what they actually wanted to do, which was expand their territory . The Partition of Poland was a division of Polish territory created in fear of Catherine the Great's military success. The partition of Poland showed that the spirit of enlightened absolutism was not really there and that they simply wanted to expand their territory. Even though France is considered wealthy due to its extravagant and expensive architecture and buildings such as the Palace of Versailles, their government is considered corrupt due to the many financial problems caused by the monarchy, the many failed attempts to resolved by the designated financial administrators and the unfair distribution of power between the nobles in relation to the majority of France. The financial debts of monarchies led to heavy taxes on peasants and on the food sources of the lower classes. This created stress among them which led to riots and the need for a revolution. One of Louis XIV's big mistakes was his inability totax his subjects effectively. Instead of taxing the nobles with the most money, he taxed the peasants who had almost nothing to give. During the revolution, the National Assembly was created and because it was a revolution, it was done without the consent of Louis XIV. He therefore called for a “Royal Assembly”. Session” of the Estates General and closed the building where the National Assembly was meeting. This was the biggest mistake Louis could have made as, ignoring his request, the National Assembly met on a tennis court to swear in the drafting of a new French constitution. I believe he could have avoided the French Revolution if he had been a more competent ruler by reducing taxes on the peasants and increasing them on the nobles, where most of the money was. The success and effectiveness of the monarch had much to do with the revolution. Because of its poor choices about where to tax the most and its poor choices of appointed financial administrators, the French government was not able to prosper as it would have if it had been a competent monarch. During the revolution, the National Assembly was created, a combination of the 3rd Estate and other clergy and nobles from the old legislative branch called the Estates General. This was a big step in the revolution because previously there were three classes separated by social status, the 1st and 2nd being the upper classes, and the 3rd being the lower classes. Although the third power represented most of France, it had the fewest opinions on legislative obligations. This called for a revolution in government creating the National Assembly. During the Enlightenment, emphasis was placed on the natural rights of man and that these rights should not be violated. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen truly highlighted these natural rights proven by the proclamation which represented it saying that all men were “born and remain free and equal in rights. and that these natural rights are “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.” During the early years of the revolution, French government lawmakers significantly reorganized the government from the Estates General to the new National Assembly, which allowed the former 3rd Estate to have more of a say within of the government. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy was the national Church created by the assembly. The clergy had to swear an oath of loyalty to the state and many of them refused to plunder the assembly. Around this time of the French Revolution, the National Assembly finally completed the new constitution in 1791, political factions were unhappy with the constitutional settlement of 1791 because it only allowed active citizens to vote. The revolution of 1792 was considered the second revolution that France experienced. had because of a French political war. Sans-culottes were the lower class people but the word actually meant without panties because to be an upper class man you wore panties but the lower class didn't and they would be treated differently depending on their social status, even if they were as wealthy as an upper-class man. It was also the sans-culottes who led a more radical revolution than the Girondins. The sans-culottes became a political actor in France by cooperating with the government to make decisions. The Jacobins, the radical Republican party of the French Revolution, and the sans-culottes worked together because they were both republican parties and it ended because the Jacobins wanted an unregulated economy. In 1792, the.