Events such as white vigilante violence, the Black Codes, and the assault on black civil rights all led to Reconstruction being seen as a failure rather than a success. White supremacist violence increased during Reconstruction, ultimately destroying Republican regimes that included black men. Between 1866 and 1876, Henry Adams and his group recorded 694 beatings and murders of freed people in northern Louisiana. The KKK is an example of white vigilante training and it probably would have happened anyway, but the federal government let it happen instead of investing more resources and stopping it. The KKK took control of the South through fear because they instituted lynchings, night drives, and threats that made blacks fearful and whites viewed them as "good cops." The Black Codes also contributed to Reconstruction being seen as a failure. The Black Codes were similar to the slave codes, and in 1866 they were adopted by the former Confederate states and were intended to coerce the labor of black men, women, and children through vagrancy and apprenticeship laws. These laws were intended to attempt to restrict the freedom of African Americans and force them to work for low incomes.