1a). The violation of individual rights is evident in the case of former Lockheed executive Kenneth Branch, who illegally gained access to "25,000 documents containing Lockheed's proprietary technical and financial information." This concerns the issue of Lockheed's copyright and privacy. Distributive injustice is highlighted in surveys that have proven that male employees are paid more than their female counterparts. This is also evident in the scandal involving former CEO Harry and a female vice president; Harry is inconsistent with the company code of conduct that he wants his employees to follow. Because of their personal relationship, she could have obtained exclusive rewards and privileges that her colleagues could not enjoy. Finally, by conducting illegal hiring negotiations with a Pentagon official, the former Boeing CFO was seen as violating the principle of utilitarianism. Furthermore, the concealment of the results of internal studies regarding pay by gender further illustrates this ethical breach at Boeing.1b). The author believes that Boeing is plagued by poor corporate standards. Previous CEOs were unethical people who failed to lead by example. Stonecipher committed an ethical misconduct by having a relationship with an employee while Philip and Stonecipher were traveling on a luxury corporate jet with personal assistants. Unconsciously, they sent a message to the entire company: Boeing tolerates ethical lapses; Power and privileges are rights reserved for higher-ranking personnel. McNerney agrees that the bureaucracy has given too much autonomy to high-ranking employees, so violation of ethics codes can be overlooked since few or no people in the company can penalize them. The company has a culture of indifference when something bad happens in the company. Take for example the Lockheed documents incident, where all 25,000 documents were accessed at the company for almost 3 years before anyone raised concerns about it. This unhealthy culture not only allows unethical practices to prevail, but it also hinders business growth. The strong internal rivalry between Boeing and McDonnell Douglas Corp, after the merger, also contributes to the company's ethics scandals. As competition between the two parties becomes fiercer, employees may tend to resort to ethical lapses to gain competitive advantages and outperform each other. I completely agree with the author and McNerney that dysfunctional and unethical corporate standards are the root of the ethical problem. It is this standard created by predecessors who never set good ethical examples that influences employees. They believed that the politically safest way to perform tasks would be to imitate the way their superiors performed their jobs..