Optimism is the attitude that good things will happen and that wishes or people's goals will ultimately be fulfilled. Optimists are people who anticipate positive outcomes, whether by chance or through perseverance and effort, and who are confident that they can achieve their desired goals. Most individuals fall somewhere on the spectrum between the two polar opposites of pure optimism and pure pessimism, but tend to demonstrate relatively stable situational tendencies in one direction or the other. As optimism researchers, we are happy to see optimism featured in what seems to be a long-needed antidote to psychology's focus on what is wrong with people. Both optimism and pessimism are complex concepts, and research to date generally presents them in simplistic ways. Although it is possible to view this construct as simple folk psychology, optimism turns out to be a case in which widely held intuition has a solid basis in reality. The concept of optimism has proven useful and relevant in many areas. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”?Get the original essay Scheier, Carver, and Bridges (1994) view optimism and pessimism as generalized expectations about events that occur in the lives of individuals. These expectations are considered stable arrangements, that is, characteristics of each person. Furthermore, the construct of optimism can be understood as unidimensional and bipolar, meaning that it is a single attribute with two extremes, which can vary between optimism and pessimism. Ideas about optimism and pessimism as individuals both differ from established theories. because the reservations we have just made suggest a family of characteristics that should all be taken seriously. A composite analysis of optimism and pessimism should (a) distinguish positive from negative expectations; (b) recognize the person's feeling to act (or not) with regard to the outcomes that are the subject of expectations; (c) allow for the possibility that such beliefs may be accurate, inaccurate, or indeterminate; and (d) clarify whether optimism and pessimism are expressed in primarily cognitive terms or in primarily emotional terms. Think about what it means to take these different characteristics seriously. Optimism and pessimism are complex constructs, and it makes no sense to talk about the first as always desirable and the second as always undesirable. Nevertheless, optimism researchers often generalize casually to important characteristics. In terms of measurement instrument, the LOT was created by the developers of the psychological study of optimism. The authors applied an initial series of 16 items to various samples of students. After several revisions of the tool and applications to various samples, the tool ultimately consisted of twelve items: four measuring optimism, four measuring pessimism, and four serving as fillers. Over time, many authors have questioned the predictive validity of the LOT with respect to constructs such as neuroticism, anxiety, self-esteem, and self-control. This led to a revision of the LOT and ultimately the development of the LOT-R. In the LOT-R, three of the items included in the original LOT were eliminated, including two measuring optimism and one that measured, 2008 ;.