-
Essay / Descartes' conception of certainty and the Cartesian character...
IntroductionDescartes' Meditations on First Philosophy are devoted to establishing absolute certainty and "all that, in the sciences, was stable and capable of lasting » (Meditations I.18). Descartes demolishes all his old beliefs and attempts to rebuild his foundations from the beginning. He uses a series of hyperbolic doubts and rejects all his preconceptions once taken for granted and goes back to establish certainty in all his clear and distinct perceptions. At first glance, Descartes' philosophical arguments seem very logical and plausible. However, a closer look reveals that Descartes appears to have committed the fallacy of epistemic circularity. The first criticisms of this type were made by Arnauld in the Fourth Objection, according to which Descartes "avoids reasoning in a circle when he says that it is only because we know that God exists that we are sure that everything we we perceive vividly and clearly is true. But we can be sure that God exists only because we perceive him vividly and clearly” (CSM 2:150). Could Descartes have overlooked such an obvious circularity which could make all his “sciences” fallible? In my article, I will introduce another interpretation of the Meditations to free ourselves from the vicious nature of Descartes' circle. I argue that the problem of circularity arises from an ambiguity in the different ways of achieving the epistemic status of certainty. Rather than his perceptions which serve as premises for the existence of a non-deceptive God being certain in that they are absolutely free from doubt, these clear and distinct perceptions are certain in a different way, through what Descartes calls a “natural phenomenon”. light." While indubitability is a condition of certainty, proving...... middle of article ......Meditations with indexing in Cottingham's edition of the Meditations.]Philosophical writings by Descartes, Cottingham, John and Robert Stoothoff, and Dugald Murdoch (eds.) 1984. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [All citations abbreviated by CSM refer to this source] Newman, Lex, “Descartes' Epistemology,” The. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = Reed, Baron, “Certainty”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Windter 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = .Rickless, Samuel C., 2005. “The Cartesian Fallacy error”, Noûs, 39: 309-336. “Fundamentalism, epistemic principles and the Cartesian circle”, Revue Philosophique, 88 (January).): 55–91.