Haynes and Talpade's (1996, p. 41) findings show that shoppers who visit the mall primarily for shopping spend more money in department stores than those who are drawn to them primarily as an entertainment center. They conclude that the entertainment center itself is not a primary factor in attracting additional shoppers visiting the mall, and that it may even detract from purchase intention (Haynes and Talpade 1996, pp. 47- 48). However, Haynes and Talpade's study has a limitation because it only focuses on family entertainment centers to define entertainment value. This limitation encouraged Christiansen et al. (1999, p. 11-12) to conduct further research on a similar topic. Their results also confirm the inconsistency relationship between entertainment and shopping center productivity, as well as the negative relationship between entertainment and the number of quantities purchased (Christiansen et al. 1999, p. 19-20). They also find that, to some extent, entertainment might distract rather than facilitate purchasing behavior (Christiansen et al. 1999, p. 19). This distraction effect could also be observed in the study of Kaltcheva and Weitz (2006, p. 115), who suggest that entertainment experience could decrease shoppers' purchase intention at the store level.