Dollar Diplomacy Since the 17 republics of continental Latin America emerged from the wreckage of the Spanish Empire in the early 19th century, North Americans have viewed them with a mixture of condescension and contempt that focused on their strangers. culture, racial diversity, unstable politics and moribund economies. The Western Hemisphere seemed to be a natural sphere of American influence, and this view had been institutionalized in the Monroe Doctrine of 1823, warning European states that any attempt to "extend their system" to the Americas would be considered proof of a hostile disposition towards the United States. States itself. On the one hand, the doctrine seemed to emphasize republican familiarity, as suggested by references to “our sister republics,” “our good neighbors,” our “southern brothers.” On the other hand, the United States later used this doctrine to justify paternalism and intervention. This posed a dilemma for Latin Americans, in that a United States strong enough to protect them from Europe was also strong enough to pose a threat itself. When Secretary of State James G. Blaine hosted the first Pan-American Conference in 1889, Argentina proposed the Calvo Doctrine requiring all parties to renounce special privileges in other states. The United States refused. After the Spanish-American War of 1898, the United States consolidated its power in the Caribbean by annexing Puerto Rico, declaring Cuba a virtual protectorate in the Platt Amendment (1901), and manipulating Colombia into granting independence in Panama (1904). ), which in turn called on the United States to build and control the Panama Canal. Secretary of War Elihu Root formulated the Platt Amendment; Senator Orville H. Platt of Connecticut introduced the amendment in the Senate. Under its terms, Cuba would not transfer Cuban lands to any power other than the United States, Cuba's right to negotiate treaties was limited, rights to a naval base in Cuba (Guantánamo Bay) were ceded to the United States. , American intervention in Cuba "for the preservation of Cuban independence" was authorized and a formal treaty detailing all previous provisions was planned. To end the American occupation, Cuba incorporated these articles into its constitution. Although the United States only intervened militarily in Cuba twice, in 1906 and 1912, Cubans generally viewed the amendment as an attack on their...... middle of paper ...... The European influence in Latin America, but it advanced slowly. to the "Good Neighbor" policy of the 1930s. Efforts by the administration of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to improve relations with Latin America were known as the Good Neighbor Policy. Roosevelt pledged to be a “good neighbor” in his inaugural address in 1933, and the phrase soon became linked to U.S. policy in the Western Hemisphere. At the Pan-American Conference in Montevideo, Uruguay, in December 1933, the United States signed a convention prohibiting the intervention of one state in the affairs of another. The following year, Roosevelt ended the 19-year occupation of Haiti by U.S. Marines and repealed the Platt Amendment, which had made Cuba quasi-dependent on the United States. The United States continued to adhere to the policy of non-intervention when Bolivia and Mexico expropriated American properties in 1937-38. The good neighborly approach and cultural exchange programs improved hemispheric relations and paved the way for security cooperation during World War II. However, the. (1961).