Table of contentsOsteoporosisMajor risk factors for osteoporosisMajor risk factors for osteoporosis linked to menopause in womenPeak bone massBone remodelingEstrogenic activity of BMG flavonoidsOsteoblast activity phytoestrogens in promoting bone healthOsteoclastogenesis suppression of phthyestrogen activityPrevention of bone loss by BMGOosteoporosisOsteoporosis is a skeletal disorder in which bones become brittle and can easily fracture. Lower bone mass increases the risk of fracture. This condition occurs in old age, when the bones are not able to regenerate their cells because they become very thin. There are no pre-symptoms of osteoporosis. Fractures can occur throughout the skeleton, but the bones most prone to fragility fractures are the vertebral bones of the hip, wrist, and spine as we age. According to the WHO, osteoporosis is defined as bone mineral density (BMD) or bone mineral content (BMC) less than 2.5 SD for healthy young women. Loss of bone mass can occur due to 3 factors: Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the Original Essay Lower Optimal Achievement of Maximum Bone Mass During Young Age. After reaching peak bone mass, bone resorption is rapid and higher. Inappropriate and weak bone formation during the remodeling cycle. Major Risk Factors for Osteoporosis There are multiple risk factors associated with osteoporosis: Low bone mass involving skeletal and non-skeletal fractures. Family and genetic history are also major risk factors leading to low bone mass. 60 to 70% of patients suffering from osteoporosis have inherited this disease because of their genetic heritage. Lack of exercise leading to calcium loss increases the risk of osteoporosis. A diet deficient in calcium and vitamin D increases the risk of developing osteoporosis. Excessive smoking reduces bone formation metabolism, leading to decreased bone mass. In men, the production of the hormone testosterone stops due to smoking, so their bones also become fragile. Alcohol consumption also reduces the ability to make bone cells and increases the risk of fracture. Main risk factors for osteoporosis linked to menopause in women. Osteoporosis can occur in both men and women, but women are four times more susceptible to osteoporosis than men for the following reasons: At menopause, the process of bone loss accelerates when the ovaries stop releasing the hormone estrogen. Early menopause before age 45 also increases the risk of osteoporosis. The condition of surgical hysterectomy, in which one or both ovaries are removed from the body, also causes a decrease in estrogen production, which reduces bone mass, leading to osteoporosis. Intense exercises during periods capture the natural phenomenon of menstruation, which stops the release of the hormone estrogen and is also a risk factor. Women who smoke frequently develop early menopause, which decreases the activity of estrogen hormones, leading to osteoporosis. Peak Bone Mass Peak bone mass can be defined as the amount of skeletal bone tissue acquired during early adulthood. PBM essentially depends on the risk of osteoporosis after menopause,..