India, before 1947, was a country divided by many regions, languages, religions and cultures. On August 14, 1947, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan became independent. On August 15, 1947, India, the jewel of the British Empire, obtained its independence. India was divided, mainly along religious lines, into two pieces. There are many different reasons why partition took place. When the British oppressed India, they pursued a policy of divide and rule that exacerbated the religious and cultural divisions that already existed in society. The Muslim League, believing in the ideology of 'Pakistan', actively campaigned to gain more support from Muslims in India, especially under the leadership of dynamic leaders like Jinnah. Pakistani leader and founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah believed that partition was inevitable since “[a] united India would never have worked” (Komireddi 2009). He and others believed that a unified nation would only lead to the marginalization of Muslims and, ultimately, violence and civil war. The Indian National Congress also made many small decisions that convinced many in the Muslim League that a unified India was not possible. Ultimately, several reasons led to the birth of a distinct Muslim homeland in the subcontinent, and all three parties – the British, Indian and Muslim elites – played a major role. As the Hindus of northwest India moved south, the Muslims moved north. in Pakistan; millions were displaced, thousands were massacred as a result of the riots, and the birth of both countries was marked by death and destruction. Many believe that Muslims accepted partition and moved to Pakistan "not because they saw it, as the official Pakistani narrative suggests, as the country...... middle of paper ..... . gave the title Governor-General rather than Prime Minister, which emphasized links with the inherited autocratic British vice-regal system. Both also died before the formation of the Pakistani Constitution in 1956, and without clarifying their vision of Pakistan. Their deaths created a leadership vacuum and political frenzy within the Pakistani government (Jaffrelot 2011). Pakistan's ruling elite did not have the same level of popular mandate and structure as the Indian Congress. The Muslim League was composed of Indian and culturally immigrant political elites who lacked the popular prestige of “Indian revolutionaries” such as Gandhi and Nehru (Darby 2013). Pakistan took eight years to resolve issues related to the national language, the role of religion in the state and federal structures, during which time a near-coup and rigged elections took place. place (Oldenburg 2010).