The History of PalestineIntroductionSince the second Abbasid period, which began after the middle of the third century AH, the state of the Islamic Caliphate gradually weakened until 'that it would be divided into three caliphates instead of one. . The Abbasid Caliphate was established in the East; the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt, parts of North Africa and Syria, and the Umayyad Caliphate in Andalusia. The Crusades took place in these circumstances.Top---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------The political map of the region before the CrusadesForty years before After the Crusades, the Turkish Saljuks had succeeded in dominating Baghdad and seizing power under the nominal Abbasid Caliphate. The Saljuks had managed to dominate larger parts of Persia, northern Iraq, Armenia, and Asia Minor by 1040 CE. The Saljuk ruler, Toghrol Bic, dominated Bain in 1055 CE. The Saljuks extended their domination over the Byzantines in Asia Minor. On August 19, 1071 CE, the Battle of Malathkard, under the command of the Saljuk ruler Alb Arsalan, took place and disaster struck the Byzantines until the end of the 11th century CE. In 1071 CE, the Saljuks captured most of Palestine, except Arsut, and returned Fatimid rule. The Saljuks expanded their rule to include most of Syria. In 1092 CE (485 AH [Hijra]), the Saljuk Sultan Malikshah died, thus breaking the rule of the Saljuks and triggering many long battles between them for dominance and power. . In 1096 CE, their rule was divided into five kingdoms: the Sultanate of Persia (under ruler Birkiyarouq), the Kingdom of Khurasan and beyond the river (under ruler Singer), the Kingdom of Aleppo (under ruler Radwan ), the Kingdom of Damascus (under ruler Daqaq) and the Roman Sultanate of Saljuks (under ruler Qalj Arsalan). Most areas of Palestine were subject to Damascus rule, and during the weakness of the two Syrian rulers (Radwan and Daqaq), many private rulers emerged, none of whom dominated more than one city. The crusaders began their military war. campaign of 1098 CE (491 AH) while the Muslim regions of Syria, Iraq and others were torn apart due to their differences and bloody conflicts. The two brothers, Radwan and Daqaq, sons of Titish, launched a war against each other in 490 A.H. Many battles broke out between Muhammad Ibn Malikshah Birkiyarouq due to their conflict for power in which they exchanged victories and sermons at the court of the Caliphate during the period 492-497 AH.