INTRODUCTIONThyroid cancer is a relatively rare tumor but is the most common endocrine malignancy worldwide and has increasingly become a public health problem over the of the last two decades [1]. In recent years, the incidence of thyroid cancer has increased at an alarming rate, particularly in developed countries. Thyroid cancer is the tenth most common cancer in Canada [2]. Additionally, the incidence rate of thyroid cancer is increasing faster than that of any other cancer in Canada [3, 4]. Typically, most forms of thyroid cancer (TC) have been treated with surgery, conventional radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, these therapies fail to treat the most invasive forms of this cancer. Recent discoveries of the genetic and molecular pathways involved in CT have revealed new possible therapeutic targets. The thyroid is an endocrine gland located in the front of the neck, above the central trachea and below the larynx. Within the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) by the anterior pituitary [5]. TSH then acts on the thyroid gland which releases the iodine-dependent hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyroxine (T3) to control physiological functions such as metabolism, heart rate, blood pressure and temperature. bodily. patient history, family history, genetic factors, age, gender, and environmental factors such as exposure to ionizing radiation and iodine deficiency [5, 6]. During the first 20 years of life, exposure to ionizing radiation can be particularly damaging to the thyroid gland. This radiation generates free water or oxygen radicals that directly... middle of paper ... initial effects of the drug diminish over time as other pathways compensate. Overcoming these KI resistance mechanisms is the next step to prolong the effects of targeted therapies. Fortunately, the understanding of epigenetic mechanisms such as histone modifications or RNAs has progressed greatly in recent years and it is hoped that they can be used in the treatment of thyroid cancers. This progress has been accompanied by challenges in clinical trials. Besides the fact that clinical sample sizes are generally very small, experimental biomarkers and clinical parameters have been controversial in the study of thyroid cancers. A better understanding of the different mechanisms has helped researchers take a step forward in the management of thyroid cancers. It remains positive to see if new therapeutic combinations could increase long-term survival for thyroid cancers..