1.0 IntroductionWater is an essential resource for human existence. It makes up about two-thirds of the earth's surface with a volume of about 1.4 billion cubic centimeters. About 97 percent of Earth's total water is salt water from the ocean, with only a tiny percentage of fresh water available for direct human consumption. Fresh water is found in lakes, rivers, reservoirs and underground springs, some of which are shallow enough to be exploited affordably. The lack of portable drinking water should not be overestimated since more than 1.2 billion people worldwide do not have access to safe drinking water (UNDP, 2006). The situation is expected to worsen as water needs increase due to urban development and population growth, with an estimated 1.8 billion people living in absolute water scarcity by 2025. Arid regions are the most affected by cases of drought that may occur. due to the constant lack of precipitation. Sudan is a country seriously affected by lack of rainfall and water supply problems for its population. This report will examine the problems of fresh water supply in Sudan. Additionally, water supply options such as desalination and groundwater will be evaluated based on cost, environmental impacts and their feasibility factor for both methods.2.0 Sudan Baseline StudySudan has an area total area of ​​1,886,068 square km with a coastline of 853 km bordered by the Red River. Wed. Its population is approximately 37.2 million, of which approximately 1.9 million live in Khartoum, the capital. Sudan is bordered by these countries; Libya, Egypt, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Central African Republic and Chad. The Nile flows through the country, dividing it into two eastern parts...... middle of paper ......stan Times, 2012. India's world leader in groundwater extraction. [Online]Available at: http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/india-global-leader-in-underground-water-extraction/article1-939877.aspx[Accessed April 1, 2014]. MailOnline, 2012. Huge underground water reserves found in some of Africa's driest regions. [Online] Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2133339/Massive-underground-reserves-water-Africa.html [Accessed April 2, 2014]. Planning Commission, 2007. Expert Panel Report: Groundwater Management and Ownership, New Delhi: Government of India. UNDP, 2006. Human Development Report: Coping with Water Scarcity. The challenge of the 21st century., sl: UN-Water, FAO, 2007. Yuan, Z. & Tol, R. . SJ, 2005. Cost assessment of desalination and water transportation. WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 41(3), pp.. 1-16.